{
  "version": 1,
  "updated": "2026-09-10",
  "policy": "Claims are paraphrases, not quotes. Status 'supported' means at least one primary source backs the statement as written. Prefer quantified, study-scoped wording over marketing generalizations.",
  "claims": [
    {
      "id": "claim-frass-definition",
      "statement": "BSF frass is the solid, dry-ish residue left after you separate larvae from the substrate: mainly larval excrement, undigested feed material, and shed exoskeletons (molted skins). It is used as a soil amendment after appropriate curing or treatment under local rules. Leachate is the separate liquid runoff; “frass tea” is a derived product made from steeping the solid frass.",
      "qualification": "Composition and moisture content vary with feedstock and post-processing (fresh vs composted/treated).",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-beesigamukama-2020-frass-maize",
        "src-eawag-bsf-manual-2e"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "frass",
        "fertilizer"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/",
        "/articles/frass/",
        "/articles/leachate/",
        "/articles/frass-tea/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-frass-definition"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-frass-field-rates-maize",
      "statement": "Under Kenyan field conditions, composted BSF frass fertilizer applied at 2.5 t ha⁻¹ (or about 30 kg N ha⁻¹) improved maize performance; higher rates up to 7.5 t ha⁻¹ and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ were also tested.",
      "qualification": "Beesigamukama et al. (2020) report 2.5 t ha⁻¹ / 30 kg N ha⁻¹ as effective, while equivalent agronomic response often required roughly double the rate of the SAFI commercial organic fertilizer in their trials.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-beesigamukama-2020-frass-maize"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "frass",
        "application-rate",
        "maize"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/frass/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-frass-field-rates-maize"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-frass-vs-chicken-manure-blend",
      "statement": "In Beesigamukama et al. (2020), composted BSF frass had roughly twice the ammonium-N of SAFI (a chicken-manure + biochar + rock-phosphate blend) and about 2.5× higher nitrogen fertilizer equivalence, even though total N % of that frass batch was not higher than SAFI.",
      "qualification": "Do not generalize “frass is always more concentrated than chicken manure.” Nutrient % depends on larval diet and composting. Compare like-for-like products and cite the lab table for the batch you mean.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-beesigamukama-2020-frass-maize",
        "src-beesigamukama-2020-nfe"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "frass",
        "chicken-manure",
        "NFE",
        "nutrient-density"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/resources/research/#claim-frass-vs-chicken-manure-blend"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-frass-vegetable-rates-benin",
      "statement": "Field trials in Benin tested composted BSF frass against poultry manure and mineral NPK on lettuce and African eggplant, including frass rates on the order of 5–20 t ha⁻¹ depending on crop and treatment.",
      "qualification": "See Santos et al. treatment tables for exact factorial rates; yields varied by season and crop.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-santos-2026-frass-benin"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "frass",
        "application-rate",
        "poultry-manure",
        "vegetables"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/frass/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-frass-vegetable-rates-benin"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-scg-not-sole-diet",
      "statement": "Spent coffee grounds alone are a poor sole diet for BSFL; growth and survival improve when SCG is pretreated (e.g. fermentation) and mixed with other organics.",
      "qualification": "Multiple beverage-byproduct studies report weak performance on pure SCG versus blends.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-khaekratoke-2022-fscg",
        "src-sideris-2021-beverage"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "spent-coffee-grounds",
        "diet"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/communities/boquete/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-scg-not-sole-diet"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-fscg-20-percent",
      "statement": "Khaekratoke et al. (2022) recommend about 20% fermented spent coffee grounds (by wet weight) mixed into fruit–vegetable pulp for short rearing time, yield, and bioconversion efficiency comparable to pulp alone.",
      "qualification": "Higher fSCG fractions (40–60%) could increase larval size but slowed development; 100% fSCG reduced survival and biased sex ratio.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-khaekratoke-2022-fscg"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "spent-coffee-grounds",
        "fermentation",
        "diet",
        "boquete"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/communities/boquete/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-fscg-20-percent"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-climate-suitability-maps",
      "statement": "Open modelled suitability maps exist for H. illucens under current and future climate scenarios (Pazmiño-Palomino et al., 2022), complementing recorded-range maps.",
      "qualification": "Suitability ≠ guaranteed local abundance; validate with local observations.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-pazmino-2022-distribution"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "distribution",
        "climate"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-climate-suitability-maps"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-aerobic-vs-anaerobic-houseflies",
      "statement": "BSF systems are kept oxygenated enough for an aerobic digestion flow that supports non-stinky microbial processing; house flies are associated with more anaerobic, rotting waste conditions that favor their larvae.",
      "qualification": "We need a specific primary paper or operational study that ties BSF/aeration to reduced house-fly breeding under comparable conditions.",
      "status": "needs-source",
      "sourceIds": [],
      "topics": [
        "house-flies",
        "aerobic",
        "anaerobic",
        "odor"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/",
        "/articles/bsf-vs-house-flies/",
        "/articles/waste-stream/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-aerobic-vs-anaerobic-houseflies"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-frass-more-concentrated-than-chicken-manure",
      "statement": "A common outreach claim is that BSF frass is “more concentrated” than chicken manure.",
      "qualification": "Not universally true for total NPK across all frass batches. Traceable literature more often shows substrate-dependent NPK, sometimes higher ammonium availability or higher agronomic N equivalence at lower mass rates (see claim-frass-vs-chicken-manure-blend). Need the specific paper/batch the speaker has in mind before promoting this wording on-site.",
      "status": "needs-source",
      "sourceIds": [],
      "topics": [
        "frass",
        "chicken-manure",
        "nutrient-density"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/resources/research/#claim-frass-more-concentrated-than-chicken-manure"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-harvest-ramp-angle-range",
      "statement": "For prepupal self-harvesting, exit ramp inclinations from about 28° to 45° have been reported as successfully tested across multiple published systems; many builders start near 30°–35° before tuning for surface material and moisture.",
      "qualification": "Literature synthesis (La Oliva et al., 2019). Banks (2014) notes prepupae can climb vertical surfaces when moisture maintains surface tension—ramps are operational convenience, not a hard ceiling.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-laalander-2019-global-experiences"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "harvest",
        "ramp"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/tank-design/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-harvest-ramp-angle-range"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-prepupae-self-harvest-migration",
      "statement": "Prepupae stop feeding, empty their guts, and migrate away from moist substrate toward dry, shaded, protected sites—behavior exploited by ramp-based self-harvesting into collection containers.",
      "qualification": "Migration timing and harvest efficiency depend on end-of-cycle substrate moisture and ramp/collection design.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-eawag-bsf-manual-2e",
        "src-laalander-2019-global-experiences"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "harvest",
        "prepupae"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/tank-design/",
        "/guides/biology/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-prepupae-self-harvest-migration"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-larval-substrate-moisture-target",
      "statement": "Engineered larval feeding targets roughly 70–80% substrate water content (within a broader 60–90% band cited for natural feeding).",
      "qualification": "Exact moisture depends on feedstock blend and drainage; too wet without routing promotes anaerobic pockets.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-eawag-bsf-manual-2e"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "substrate",
        "moisture"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/tank-design/",
        "/articles/bsf-vs-house-flies/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-larval-substrate-moisture-target"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-larval-shade-photophobia",
      "statement": "Larval BSF avoid direct light and seek shaded substrate; prepupae pupate in dry, shaded, protected locations, and outdoor tanks need shelter from sun and rain.",
      "qualification": "Adult mating cages have different light requirements than larval conversion units.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-eawag-bsf-manual-2e"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "shade",
        "climate"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/tank-design/",
        "/guides/biology/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-larval-shade-photophobia"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-leachate-separate-from-solids",
      "statement": "Liquid runoff (leachate) should be routed away from the larval bed and captured separately from solid frass/residue.",
      "qualification": "Disposal or treatment of leachate is site- and feedstock-specific; separating streams keeps products and operating claims clear.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-eawag-bsf-manual-2e",
        "src-cheng-2023-bsfl-bins"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "leachate",
        "drainage"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/tank-design/",
        "/articles/leachate/",
        "/articles/bsf-vs-house-flies/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-leachate-separate-from-solids"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-ventilation-stacked-larveros",
      "statement": "When conversion units are stacked, open ventilation frames or equivalent gaps between layers are used so air can exchange and moisture can leave the stack.",
      "qualification": "Eawag facility layouts alternate larvero crates with ventilation frames on pallets.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-eawag-bsf-manual-2e"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "aeration",
        "stacking"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/tank-design/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-ventilation-stacked-larveros"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-facility-rodent-exclusion",
      "statement": "Published facility hygiene guidance includes structural measures to keep rats and other pests out of sensitive rearing and conversion areas, alongside mesh barriers and daily cleaning.",
      "qualification": "Hardware alone does not replace facility-level pest management.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-eawag-bsf-manual-2e"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "pests",
        "rodents",
        "hygiene"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/tank-design/",
        "/articles/bsf-vs-house-flies/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-facility-rodent-exclusion"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-larval-sieve-harvest-mesh",
      "statement": "For manual larval harvest before prepupal migration, Eawag operational guidance cites about 3 mm sieve mesh for manual separation and about 5 mm for automated shaking sieves.",
      "qualification": "Mesh choice interacts with residue particle size and larval age.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-eawag-bsf-manual-2e",
        "src-laalander-2019-global-experiences"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "harvest",
        "sieve"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/tank-design/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-larval-sieve-harvest-mesh"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-ramp-material-heat",
      "statement": "In reported BSFL bin tests, an aluminum harvest ramp was replaced with plastic because aluminum absorbed environmental heat and prepupae would not climb the hot surface.",
      "qualification": "Single study context; material choice should be validated locally for sun exposure.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-cheng-2023-bsfl-bins"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "ramp",
        "materials"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/tank-design/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-ramp-material-heat"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-household-food-waste-unep-2024",
      "statement": "UNEP’s Food Waste Index Report 2024 estimates global average household food waste at about 79 kg per person per year (~0.22 kg/person/day), with observed high-, upper-middle-, and lower-middle-income country averages of about 81, 88, and 86 kg/person/year respectively.",
      "qualification": "Includes edible and associated inedible parts. Not all household food waste is suitable BSF feedstock; municipal planning should treat ~0.5 kg/household/day as a sorted wet-organics planning band for a ~3-person household (~70% of ~0.65–0.7 kg/HH/day total food waste), then replace with local weigh-ins.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-unep-fwi-2024",
        "src-labuan-bajo-2026-food-waste"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "food-waste",
        "household",
        "municipal",
        "planning"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/designs/municipal/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-household-food-waste-unep-2024",
        "/designs/5-gallon/",
        "/designs/55-gallon/",
        "/articles/waste-stream/"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-restaurant-food-waste-per-day",
      "statement": "Case studies of restaurant food waste commonly report on the order of 15–20 kg per restaurant per day: about 18.5 kg/day across 13 restaurants in Riobamba, Ecuador, and about 15.5 kg/day in Labuan Bajo, Indonesia; mixed café/restaurant audits in New Zealand averaged about 7.9 kg/day.",
      "qualification": "Totals vary with covers, cuisine, buffet vs à la carte, and whether packaging is included. Busy full-service kitchens can exceed 30–40 kg/day. Use ~20 kg/day sorted wet organics as a Boquete Phase-3 mid planning default, with a 10–40 kg band, then weigh local routes.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-guevara-2025-riobamba-restaurant",
        "src-labuan-bajo-2026-food-waste",
        "src-chisnall-2018-nz-cafe-restaurant"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "food-waste",
        "restaurant",
        "municipal",
        "planning"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/designs/municipal/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-restaurant-food-waste-per-day",
        "/designs/5-gallon/",
        "/designs/55-gallon/",
        "/articles/waste-stream/",
        "/articles/economy/"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-cafe-scg-per-day",
      "statement": "A City of Sydney café survey (n=65) found mean dry coffee use of about 5.1 kg per business day and a wet spent-coffee-grounds conversion of about 1.9×, implying roughly 10 kg wet SCG per café per day; a tourism-town baseline reported about 5.6 kg total café food waste per day.",
      "qualification": "Espresso-only counters can run lower (~3 kg SCG/day in some shop logs); high-traffic cafés run higher. Municipal Phase-1 planning should use ~8–10 kg wet SCG/café/day mid, not a 2.5 kg placeholder. SCG remains a blend ingredient for BSFL, not a sole diet.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-sydney-scg-2016",
        "src-labuan-bajo-2026-food-waste"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "spent-coffee-grounds",
        "cafe",
        "municipal",
        "planning"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/designs/municipal/",
        "/designs/modular-unit/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-cafe-scg-per-day",
        "/designs/5-gallon/",
        "/communities/boquete/",
        "/articles/economy/",
        "/articles/waste-stream/"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-coffee-pulp-mass-fraction",
      "statement": "In wet coffee processing, pulp is the dominant solid by-product—on the order of ~40–55% of fresh cherry mass (about 430–550 kg pulp per tonne of cherries in review summaries), with mucilage and parchment as smaller fractions.",
      "qualification": "Daily mill tonnage is seasonal and site-specific; size Phase-2 banks from contracted cherry throughput × pulp fraction, not from a fixed kg/day guess. Pulp chemistry (caffeine, tannins) may require blending/QA before sole-diet feeding.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-lee-2023-coffee-waste-valorization",
        "src-chala-2018-coffee-byproducts-bmp"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "coffee-pulp",
        "coffee-industry",
        "municipal",
        "planning"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/designs/municipal/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-coffee-pulp-mass-fraction",
        "/communities/boquete/"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-bsfl-wet-bioconversion-planning",
      "statement": "Across mixed organic diets, published wet-mass bioconversion (fresh larval biomass ÷ wet substrate) commonly falls in about a 10–20% band, with mid values near ~15% on balanced kitchen or food-waste blends; dry-matter bioconversion spans a wider range by substrate (roughly ~4–21% in side-stream trials).",
      "qualification": "Diet protein/fat, moisture, larval density, and harvest timing dominate. Coffee-heavy or fibrous streams can underperform. Use ~15% wet mid only for unit-economics sketches; replace with weighed harvest ÷ feed from local modules.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-liu-2022-scr-kitchen-waste",
        "src-broeckx-2021-organic-side-streams"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "bioconversion",
        "yield",
        "planning",
        "economy"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/unit-economics/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-bsfl-wet-bioconversion-planning",
        "/designs/modular-unit/"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-live-bsfl-layer-supplement-rate",
      "statement": "Live BSFL fed to laying hens as a fresh-matter supplement at about 15–30% of expected daily feed intake (roughly ~15–38 g live larvae/hen/day in reported trials) did not impair egg quality; a round planning mid of ~20 g live larvae/hen/day is suitable for flock-capacity sketches.",
      "qualification": "Supplement on top of a balanced ration—not a sole diet. Ad libitum live larvae (~160 g/hen/day in one trial) cut concentrate intake and raised body weight. Backyard birds and broiler inclusion-as-meal studies use different metrics; weigh local rations.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-fiorilla-2024-live-bsfl-layers",
        "src-tahamtani-2021-live-bsfl-layers"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "poultry",
        "chickens",
        "yield",
        "planning",
        "economy"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/unit-economics/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-live-bsfl-layer-supplement-rate",
        "/articles/waste-stream/",
        "/articles/bsfl-chicken-feed/"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-bsfl-broiler-salmonella-gallinarum",
      "statement": "Broiler chicks fed a complete diet with 1–3% (w/w) BSFL showed dose-linked immune markers (higher spleen CD4+ T-cell share, serum lysozyme, and mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation) and, after oral challenge with Salmonella Gallinarum, higher survival (67%, 75%, and 85% at 1%, 2%, and 3% BSFL vs 50% on control feed) plus lower recoverable bacteria in liver, spleen, bursa, and cecum.",
      "qualification": "One experimental challenge study (Lee et al. 2018, Korea) on S. Gallinarum (fowl typhoid)—not a field vaccine, not proof against every Salmonella serovar (e.g. Enteritidis/Typhimurium foodborne strains), and not a license to feed contaminated larvae. Mechanism not fully identified; do not treat BSFL as a substitute for biosecurity or veterinary care.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-lee-2018-bsfl-salmonella-gallinarum",
        "src-dalmoro-2023-insects-poultry-review"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "poultry",
        "chickens",
        "broilers",
        "salmonella",
        "immunity"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/bsfl-chicken-feed/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-bsfl-broiler-salmonella-gallinarum"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-bsfl-poultry-functional-feed",
      "statement": "Beyond crude protein and fat, Hermetia products used in poultry diets are discussed as functional feeds because of chitin, medium-chain fatty acids (notably lauric acid in HI fat), and insect antimicrobial peptides—pathways linked in reviews to gut microbiota and innate immune outcomes when meal or oil is included at study-specific rates.",
      "qualification": "Composition and effects vary with larval diet, processing (live vs meal vs oil), and inclusion %. Meta-analyses of meal/oil for broilers do not show a single universal performance boost; treat functional claims as context for why low inclusions can matter, not as guaranteed flock outcomes.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-dalmoro-2023-insects-poultry-review",
        "src-lee-2018-bsfl-salmonella-gallinarum"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "poultry",
        "chickens",
        "immunity",
        "nutrition"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/bsfl-chicken-feed/",
        "/articles/bsfl-fat-profile/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-bsfl-poultry-functional-feed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-bsfl-fa-remodel-lauric",
      "statement": "Black soldier fly larvae do not simply mirror the fatty-acid profile of their feed: they biosynthesize medium-chain saturated fats—especially lauric acid (C12:0) and myristic acid (C14:0)—from dietary carbohydrates (acetyl-CoA), even when those acids are absent from the substrate, so harvested larval fat is typically SFA- and lauric-dominated relative to plant-oil feeds.",
      "qualification": "Absolute fat % and lauric share still vary with substrate energy, carbohydrate availability, fat level, density, and harvest stage. Coffee-heavy or oil-heavy streams can change both quantity and quality; treat “lauric-rich” as the usual Hermetia pattern, not a fixed percentage.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-hoc-2020-bsfl-lipid-metabolism",
        "src-li-2022-bsfl-dietary-fat-fa",
        "src-liu-2023-bsfl-fa-food-waste",
        "src-dalmoro-2023-insects-poultry-review"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "fatty-acids",
        "lauric-acid",
        "diet",
        "nutrition"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/bsfl-fat-profile/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-bsfl-fa-remodel-lauric"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-bsfl-pufa-partial-retention",
      "statement": "BSFL cannot meaningfully synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids de novo; dietary PUFAs (e.g. linoleic C18:2n-6, α-linolenic C18:3n-3, and long-chain n-3 from fish oils) are only partially bioaccumulated. In controlled fat-source trials, larval proportions of C16:0, C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 rose with diet at linear slopes of about 0.4–0.6 (roughly half the dietary share), while diet PUFA ranges of ~7–69% of FA compressed to ~6–37% in larvae. On flax-rich diets, prepupae held only about ~6% ALA of total FA and metabolized on the order of two-thirds of that PUFA into saturated acids such as lauric/myristic.",
      "qualification": "Slopes and percentages are study-scoped (Li et al. 2022 oil blends; Hoc et al. 2020 flax cake / deuterium labeling). Enrichment with fish by-products or algae can raise EPA/DHA in larvae above a plant-waste baseline, but Hermetia fat remains a poor full substitute for fish oil when the goal is maximizing long-chain PUFA. Harvest timing also shifts PUFA vs lauric share.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-hoc-2020-bsfl-lipid-metabolism",
        "src-li-2022-bsfl-dietary-fat-fa",
        "src-liu-2023-bsfl-fa-food-waste"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "fatty-acids",
        "PUFA",
        "diet",
        "nutrition"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/bsfl-fat-profile/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-bsfl-pufa-partial-retention"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "claim-bsfl-pufa-chicken-feed-downstream",
      "statement": "PUFAs present in larval rearing substrate reach chicken feed only after larval remodeling and ration dilution: Hermetia oil itself is typically ~15% PUFA versus ~66% in soybean oil, so swapping plant oil for BSFL fat in layer or broiler diets raises product SFA and lowers PUFA (e.g. broiler breast PUFA falling from ~37% to ~26% of FA when soybean oil is fully replaced). At the low meal inclusions used for immune trials (~1–3% w/w), substrate PUFAs are a small fraction of total dietary fat.",
      "qualification": "Downstream numbers depend on whether you feed live larvae, full-fat meal, defatted meal, or extracted oil, and on how much plant oil remains in the ration. Egg and meat FA follow the feed fat, but birds also moderate transfer of medium-chain SFAs. Not a claim that BSFL “removes” essential fatty acids from poultry nutrition—formulation still needs to meet bird requirements from the whole diet.",
      "status": "supported",
      "sourceIds": [
        "src-kim-2022-hilo-layers",
        "src-schiavone-2017-bsfl-fat-broilers",
        "src-li-2022-bsfl-dietary-fat-fa",
        "src-hoc-2020-bsfl-lipid-metabolism"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "poultry",
        "chickens",
        "fatty-acids",
        "PUFA",
        "feed"
      ],
      "siteRefs": [
        "/articles/bsfl-fat-profile/",
        "/articles/bsfl-chicken-feed/",
        "/resources/research/#claim-bsfl-pufa-chicken-feed-downstream"
      ]
    }
  ]
}