{
  "version": 1,
  "updated": "2026-09-10",
  "policy": "Prefer CC BY / CC BY-SA / CC0 primary literature. Mirror small PDFs and figures on-origin when license allows; otherwise link to the publisher landing page. Every public claim on the site should cite one or more source ids.",
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "src-beesigamukama-2020-frass-maize",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Exploring Black Soldier Fly Frass as Novel Fertilizer for Improved Growth, Yield, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Maize Under Field Conditions",
      "authors": "Beesigamukama D. et al.",
      "year": 2020,
      "venue": "Frontiers in Plant Science",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "doi": "10.3389/fpls.2020.574592",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.574592",
      "host": {
        "status": "mirrored",
        "path": "/resources/research/papers/beesigamukama-2020-frass-maize.pdf",
        "bytes": 1750000,
        "note": "Publisher PDF mirrored for same-origin access."
      },
      "topics": [
        "frass",
        "fertilizer",
        "application-rate",
        "maize",
        "NFE"
      ],
      "relevance": "Field rates (t ha⁻¹ and kg N ha⁻¹) for composted BSF frass vs a commercial organic fertilizer based on chicken manure + biochar + rock phosphate (SAFI)."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-beesigamukama-2020-nfe",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Nitrogen Fertilizer Equivalence of Black Soldier Fly Frass Fertilizer and Synchrony of Nitrogen Mineralization for Maize Production",
      "authors": "Beesigamukama D. et al.",
      "year": 2020,
      "venue": "Agronomy (MDPI)",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "doi": "10.3390/agronomy10091395",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091395",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "CC BY; MDPI blocked automated PDF fetch from this environment. Mirror manually into papers/ when available."
      },
      "topics": [
        "frass",
        "fertilizer",
        "NFE",
        "mineralization"
      ],
      "relevance": "Companion N-equivalence and mineralization synchrony study for BSFFF vs SAFI."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-santos-2026-frass-benin",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Black soldier fly frass as a sustainable organic fertilizer: enhancing productivity of leafy vegetables and soil health in Benin",
      "authors": "Santos C. C. J. et al.",
      "year": 2026,
      "venue": "Frontiers in Plant Science",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "doi": "10.3389/fpls.2025.1663593",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1663593",
      "host": {
        "status": "mirrored",
        "path": "/resources/research/papers/santos-2026-frass-leafy-vegetables-benin.pdf",
        "bytes": 10900000,
        "note": "Publisher PDF mirrored (~11 MB)."
      },
      "topics": [
        "frass",
        "fertilizer",
        "poultry-manure",
        "lettuce",
        "eggplant"
      ],
      "relevance": "Composted BSF frass vs poultry manure and NPK on leafy vegetables; field rates include 5–20 t ha⁻¹ depending on crop."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-khaekratoke-2022-fscg",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Use of fermented spent coffee grounds as a substrate supplement for rearing black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens (L), (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)",
      "authors": "Khaekratoke K., Laksanawimol P., Thancharoen A.",
      "year": 2022,
      "venue": "PeerJ",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "doi": "10.7717/peerj.14340",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14340",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "CC BY; PeerJ PDF blocked automated fetch here. Priority mirror for Boquete coffee feedstock."
      },
      "topics": [
        "spent-coffee-grounds",
        "fermentation",
        "diet",
        "bioconversion"
      ],
      "relevance": "fSCG inclusion trials (0–100%); recommends ~20% fermented SCG in fruit–vegetable pulp for rearing efficiency."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-sideris-2021-beverage",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Effect of Processed Beverage By-Product-Based Diets on Biological Parameters, Conversion Efficiency and Body Composition of Hermetia illucens (L) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)",
      "authors": "Sideris V. et al.",
      "year": 2021,
      "venue": "Insects (MDPI)",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "doi": "10.3390/insects12050475",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050475",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "CC BY; MDPI PDF blocked automated fetch. Includes spent coffee grounds and brewer’s spent grains diets."
      },
      "topics": [
        "spent-coffee-grounds",
        "brewers-spent-grains",
        "diet",
        "body-composition"
      ],
      "relevance": "Beverage by-products (SCG, BSG, yeast blends) as BSFL diets."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-pazmino-2022-distribution",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "How could climate change influence the distribution of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus) (Diptera, Stratiomyidae)?",
      "authors": "Pazmiño-Palomino A., Reyes-Puig C., Del Hierro A.",
      "year": 2022,
      "venue": "Biodiversity Data Journal",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "doi": "10.3897/BDJ.10.e90146",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e90146",
      "host": {
        "status": "mirrored",
        "path": "/resources/research/papers/pazmino-palomino-2022-bsf-distribution.pdf",
        "bytes": 792000,
        "note": "Pensoft/BDJ PDF mirrored."
      },
      "topics": [
        "distribution",
        "climate",
        "suitability"
      ],
      "relevance": "Occurrence + modelled suitability maps; scientific companion to the landing distribution map."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-eawag-bsf-manual-2e",
      "type": "manual",
      "title": "Black Soldier Fly Biowaste Processing: A Step-by-Step Guide (2nd edition)",
      "authors": "Dortmans et al. / Eawag Sandec",
      "year": 2021,
      "venue": "Eawag",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://www.eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/projects/mswm/practical-knowhow-on-black-soldier-fly-bsf-biowaste-processing/",
      "host": {
        "status": "mirrored",
        "path": "/resources/manuals/eawag-bsf-biowaste-processing-2nd-ed-lr.pdf",
        "bytes": 16140000,
        "note": "Low-resolution edition mirrored (~16 MB). Prefer this over hotlinking Eawag."
      },
      "topics": [
        "operations",
        "biowaste",
        "rearing",
        "manual"
      ],
      "relevance": "Primary operational handbook for biowaste processing with BSF."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-laalander-2019-global-experiences",
      "type": "review",
      "title": "Global experiences on waste processing with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens): from technology to business",
      "authors": "La Oliva S. et al.",
      "year": 2019,
      "venue": "Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development",
      "license": "IWA Publishing — verify terms before mirror",
      "doi": "10.5337/2019.214",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.5337/2019.214",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "Technology review summarizing ramp angles, harvesting methods, and container layouts across published systems."
      },
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "harvest",
        "ramp",
        "operations",
        "review"
      ],
      "relevance": "Synthesizes exit ramp inclinations (28°–45°), self-harvesting vs sieving, and common container connections."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-cheng-2023-bsfl-bins",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Potential Application of Black Soldier Fly Larva Bins in Treating Food Waste",
      "authors": "Cheng P. S. et al.",
      "year": 2023,
      "venue": "Insects (MDPI)",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "doi": "10.3390/insects14040434",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14040434",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "CC BY; MDPI PDF not mirrored here yet. Documents bin drainage placement and aluminum vs plastic ramp issues."
      },
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "drainage",
        "ramp",
        "leachate",
        "food-waste"
      ],
      "relevance": "Prototype BSFL bin: side drainage, escape barriers, and plastic ramps preferred over heat-absorbing aluminum."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-lowtechlab-bsf-breeding-wiki",
      "type": "how-to",
      "title": "Black Soldier Fly breeding (Low-tech Lab wiki)",
      "authors": "Conrad & Coyard / Low-tech Lab",
      "year": 2019,
      "venue": "Low-tech Lab wiki",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://wiki.lowtechlab.org/wiki/Elevage_de_Mouches_Soldats_Noires/en",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "Domestic wooden-box breeding tutorial; CC BY-SA on wiki."
      },
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "diy",
        "breeding",
        "how-to"
      ],
      "relevance": "Low-tech domestic BSF box design and life-cycle overview linked from tank design article."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-iwmi-bsf-practical-guide-2024",
      "type": "manual",
      "title": "Black soldier fly farming for feed and biofertilizer: a practical guide",
      "authors": "Adamtey N. et al.",
      "year": 2024,
      "venue": "International Water Management Institute (IWMI) / CGIAR",
      "license": "CGIAR open access — verify terms before mirror",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://www.cgiar.org/research/publication/black-soldier-fly-farming-for-feed-and-biofertilizer-a-practical-guide/",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "50-page practical manual; CGSpace PDF available from publication page."
      },
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "operations",
        "manual",
        "business"
      ],
      "relevance": "Container layouts and startup-to-harvest guidance for SMEs and extension agents."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-sdsu-extension-bsf-compost",
      "type": "how-to",
      "title": "Insect Bioconversion: How to Compost With Black Soldier Flies",
      "authors": "South Dakota State University Extension",
      "year": null,
      "venue": "SDSU Extension",
      "license": "All rights reserved — link only",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://extension.sdstate.edu/insect-bioconversion-how-compost-black-soldier-flies",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "18-gallon tote + PVC ramp DIY; widely copied extension build."
      },
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "diy",
        "ramp",
        "how-to"
      ],
      "relevance": "Tote ramp placement (≈0.7× length), PVC assembly, optional ball-valve drain."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-purdue-e276-bsf-compost",
      "type": "how-to",
      "title": "Black Soldier Fly Composting Guide (E-276)",
      "authors": "Purdue Extension Entomology",
      "year": null,
      "venue": "Purdue Extension",
      "license": "All rights reserved — link only",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://www.extension.entm.purdue.edu/publications/E-276/E-276.html",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "18-gallon tote build; cites ~35° ramp angle."
      },
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "diy",
        "ramp",
        "how-to"
      ],
      "relevance": "Extension lineage companion to SDSU/SARE builds; explicit ramp angle."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-sare-18gal-rearing-bin",
      "type": "how-to",
      "title": "Black soldier fly 18-gallon rearing bin instructions",
      "authors": "USDA SARE",
      "year": null,
      "venue": "SARE projects",
      "license": "Verify before mirror",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://projects.sare.org/media/pdf/B/l/a/Black-soldier-fly-18-gallon-rearing-bin-instructions.pdf",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "Photo-heavy PDF companion to extension tote builds."
      },
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "diy",
        "ramp",
        "how-to"
      ],
      "relevance": "Step photos for PVC ramp tote assembly."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-ose-bsf-howto-pdf",
      "type": "how-to",
      "title": "Black Soldier Fly How-to Guide (Open Source Ecology)",
      "authors": "UNC capstone / Open Source Ecology wiki",
      "year": null,
      "venue": "Open Source Ecology",
      "license": "Unclear — link only",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/images/1/1b/Bsf.pdf",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "Grub tub PVC ramp design; references BioPod Plus as commercial comparison."
      },
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "diy",
        "ramp",
        "how-to"
      ],
      "relevance": "Community PDF covering grub tub ramps and scale options."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-grit-bsf-bin-diy",
      "type": "how-to",
      "title": "How to Build a Black Soldier Fly Compost Bin",
      "authors": "Grit magazine",
      "year": null,
      "venue": "Grit",
      "license": "All rights reserved — link only",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://www.grit.com/animals/poultry/black-soldier-fly-bin-zm0z21mazbut/",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "Gutter or PVC ramp at ~45° into collection bucket."
      },
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "diy",
        "ramp",
        "how-to"
      ],
      "relevance": "Popular media DIY bin with gutter/PVC ramp options."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-gardening-australia-bsf-farm",
      "type": "how-to",
      "title": "How to Build a Black Soldier Fly Farm (Gardening Australia)",
      "authors": "ABC Gardening Australia / Gavin Smith",
      "year": null,
      "venue": "ABC Australia",
      "license": "All rights reserved — link only",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/how-to/love-your-larvae/11184864",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "How-to page + PDF with 36° PVC exit ramps and vermin-resistant lid."
      },
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "diy",
        "ramp",
        "how-to"
      ],
      "relevance": "70 L box build; 36° ramp template; mouse exclusion via screw heads in pipes."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-protaculture-biopod-plus",
      "type": "product",
      "title": "BioPod Plus",
      "authors": "ProtaCulture LLC",
      "year": null,
      "venue": "ProtaPod USA",
      "license": "Commercial — link only, no mirror without permission",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://www.protapodusa.com/biopod-plus.html",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "Reference product only; not an endorsement. No product photos mirrored."
      },
      "topics": [
        "tank-design",
        "commercial",
        "ramp",
        "product-reference"
      ],
      "relevance": "Dual-ramp harvest bin cited in DIY literature as commercial comparison point."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-unep-fwi-2024",
      "type": "review",
      "title": "Food Waste Index Report 2024. Think Eat Save: Tracking Progress to Halve Global Food Waste",
      "authors": "United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)",
      "year": 2024,
      "venue": "UNEP",
      "license": "All rights reserved — link only (UNEP PDF)",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://wedocs.unep.org/items/dbe2cd4c-8384-4636-8359-5847f42b9711",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "Authoritative global household / food-service / retail food-waste estimates (kg/capita/year)."
      },
      "topics": [
        "food-waste",
        "household",
        "municipal",
        "planning"
      ],
      "relevance": "Global household food waste ~79 kg/capita/year (2022); upper-middle-income observed average ~88 kg/capita/year."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-guevara-2025-riobamba-restaurant",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Quantitative and Qualitative Characterization of Food Waste for Circular Economy Strategies in the Restaurant Sector of Riobamba, Ecuador: A Case Study Approach",
      "authors": "Guevara-Viera et al.",
      "year": 2025,
      "venue": "Biomass (MDPI)",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "doi": "10.3390/biomass5020018",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass5020018",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "CC BY MDPI; mirror PDF manually when fetchable. Andean highland town—useful regional analogue for Chiriquí hospitality."
      },
      "topics": [
        "food-waste",
        "restaurant",
        "municipal",
        "planning",
        "ecuador"
      ],
      "relevance": "13 restaurants; mean ~18.48 kg food waste per restaurant per day over a one-week characterization."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-labuan-bajo-2026-food-waste",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Food waste in Labuan Bajo: a baseline study of food waste in a priority tourism destination in Indonesia",
      "authors": "Frontiers in Sustainability authors",
      "year": 2026,
      "venue": "Frontiers in Sustainability",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "doi": "10.3389/frsus.2026.1734957",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2026.1734957",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "CC BY Frontiers; tourism-destination baseline with per-outlet daily rates for restaurants and cafés."
      },
      "topics": [
        "food-waste",
        "restaurant",
        "cafe",
        "household",
        "municipal",
        "planning"
      ],
      "relevance": "Reports ~15.47 kg/restaurant/day and ~5.58 kg/café/day food waste; household ~0.22 kg/person/day."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-sydney-scg-2016",
      "type": "review",
      "title": "Coffee 4 Planet Ark — City of Sydney café spent coffee grounds survey (final report)",
      "authors": "City of Sydney / Planet Ark (Coffee 4 Planet Ark)",
      "year": 2016,
      "venue": "City of Sydney",
      "license": "All rights reserved — link only",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://assets.ctfassets.net/fqjwh0badmlx/7Jb4U4q1tH8awgNl51E31m/44cb75f992f1a414fb468e1dd844a0a9/doc-1793-cos-final-report-2016--5-.pdf",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "Survey of 65 cafés; mean dry grounds used 5.1 kg/business-day; wet SCG conversion factor 1.9×."
      },
      "topics": [
        "spent-coffee-grounds",
        "cafe",
        "municipal",
        "planning"
      ],
      "relevance": "Grounds café SCG planning: ~5 kg dry coffee/day → ~10 kg wet SCG/day at the reported 1.9 conversion."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-chisnall-2018-nz-cafe-restaurant",
      "type": "review",
      "title": "Food Waste in the Cafe & Restaurant Sector in New Zealand (sector synthesis from University of Otago / WasteMINZ audits)",
      "authors": "Chisnall S. / WasteMINZ synthesis",
      "year": 2018,
      "venue": "University of Otago / WasteMINZ",
      "license": "All rights reserved — link only",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/10523/12171",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "Sector average ~7.9 kg food waste per café/restaurant per day from combined audits."
      },
      "topics": [
        "food-waste",
        "cafe",
        "restaurant",
        "municipal",
        "planning"
      ],
      "relevance": "High-income café+restaurant mixed sample; lower than full-service Andean restaurant means—use as lower band context."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-lee-2023-coffee-waste-valorization",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Value-Added Products from Coffee Waste: A Review",
      "authors": "Lee Y. G. et al.",
      "year": 2023,
      "venue": "Molecules (MDPI)",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "doi": "10.3390/molecules28083561",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083561",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "CC BY; review of coffee-processing by-product mass fractions including pulp/husk."
      },
      "topics": [
        "coffee-pulp",
        "coffee-industry",
        "municipal",
        "planning"
      ],
      "relevance": "Cites pulp/husk mass yields on the order of ~0.5 t pulp and ~0.18 t husk per t fresh coffee (order-of-magnitude processing residuals)."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-chala-2018-coffee-byproducts-bmp",
      "type": "review",
      "title": "Valorizing by-products from primary coffee processing through anaerobic fermentation",
      "authors": "Chala B. et al. / Stiftung Fiat Panis discussion paper",
      "year": 2018,
      "venue": "Stiftung Fiat Panis / discussion paper",
      "license": "All rights reserved — link only",
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://www.stiftung-fiat-panis.de/images/DP/DP104.pdf",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "States pulp ~43%, mucilage ~12%, parchment ~6% of fresh cherry weight (wet method)."
      },
      "topics": [
        "coffee-pulp",
        "coffee-industry",
        "municipal",
        "planning"
      ],
      "relevance": "Fresh-cherry mass fractions for wet-process by-products used to size mill contracts."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-liu-2022-scr-kitchen-waste",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Conversion of Mixtures of Soybean Curd Residue and Kitchen Waste by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens L.)",
      "authors": "Liu T. et al.",
      "year": 2022,
      "venue": "Insects (MDPI)",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "doi": "10.3390/insects13010023",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13010023",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "CC BY; reports bioconversion rates ~14–19% on SCR–kitchen-waste mixes (peak ~18.5% at 30% SCR / 70% KW)."
      },
      "topics": [
        "bioconversion",
        "yield",
        "food-waste",
        "planning"
      ],
      "relevance": "Anchors wet-mass bioconversion mid band (~15–19%) for mixed kitchen-like diets used in unit-economics planning."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-broeckx-2021-organic-side-streams",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Growth of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Reared on Organic Side-Streams",
      "authors": "Broeckx L. et al.",
      "year": 2021,
      "venue": "Sustainability (MDPI)",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "doi": "10.3390/su132312953",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/su132312953",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "CC BY; dry-matter bioconversion ~3.6–20.7% across side-streams; shows diet-driven yield spread."
      },
      "topics": [
        "bioconversion",
        "yield",
        "planning"
      ],
      "relevance": "Shows substrate-dependent conversion efficiency range; caution against treating a single % as universal."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-fiorilla-2024-live-bsfl-layers",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Exploring the potential of black soldier fly live larvae as a sustainable protein source for laying hens: A comprehensive study on egg quality",
      "authors": "Fiorilla E. et al.",
      "year": 2024,
      "venue": "Poultry Science",
      "license": "CC BY / open access (check publisher page)",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.psj.2024.104590",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.104590",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "Live BSFL at 15% or 30% of expected DFI (~15–19 g and ~31–38 g live larvae/hen/day across ages) without impairing egg quality."
      },
      "topics": [
        "poultry",
        "chickens",
        "yield",
        "planning"
      ],
      "relevance": "Anchors ~15–38 g live larvae/hen/day supplement band for flock-capacity planning."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-tahamtani-2021-live-bsfl-layers",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Feeding live Black Soldier Fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) to laying hens: effects on feed consumption, hen health, hen behavior, and egg quality",
      "authors": "Tahamtani F. M. et al.",
      "year": 2021,
      "venue": "Poultry Science",
      "license": "CC BY-NC-ND (check publisher page)",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.psj.2021.101400",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101400",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "0 / 10% / 20% of daily feed / ad libitum live larvae; ad lib ~163 g/hen/day reduced concentrate and increased weight."
      },
      "topics": [
        "poultry",
        "chickens",
        "yield",
        "planning"
      ],
      "relevance": "Supports 10–20% of DFI live-larvae portions as practical; warns against ad lib as a planning default."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-lee-2018-bsfl-salmonella-gallinarum",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae enhances immune activities and increases survivability of broiler chicks against experimental infection of Salmonella Gallinarum",
      "authors": "Lee J., Kim Y.-M., Park Y.-K., Yang Y.-C., Jung B.-G., Lee B.-J.",
      "year": 2018,
      "venue": "Journal of Veterinary Medical Science",
      "license": "Open access on J-STAGE / PMC (check publisher page)",
      "doi": "10.1292/jvms.17-0236",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.17-0236",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "Broilers fed 1–3% (w/w) BSFL in complete feed; after S. Gallinarum oral challenge, survival 67/75/85% vs 50% control; higher CD4+ T cells, lysozyme, lymphocyte proliferation; lower tissue bacterial loads."
      },
      "topics": [
        "poultry",
        "chickens",
        "broilers",
        "salmonella",
        "immunity"
      ],
      "relevance": "Primary experimental evidence that dietary BSFL can improve survival and bacterial clearance under fowl-typhoid challenge—not a claim about all Salmonella serovars or field outbreaks."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-dalmoro-2023-insects-poultry-review",
      "type": "review",
      "title": "A Systematic Review and Metanalysis on the Use of Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor in Diets for Poultry",
      "authors": "Dalmoro Y. K., Franceschi C. H., Stefanello C.",
      "year": 2023,
      "venue": "Veterinary Sciences",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "doi": "10.3390/vetsci10120702",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10120702",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "Reviews HI/TM meal and oil for broilers: protein value, chitin/lauric acid/AMP functional framing, gut microbiota and immune outcomes; cites Lee 2018 as the main HI+Salmonella challenge study."
      },
      "topics": [
        "poultry",
        "chickens",
        "broilers",
        "immunity",
        "review"
      ],
      "relevance": "Secondary synthesis for operator-facing context on HI meal/oil benefits and mechanisms without overclaiming a single trial."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-hoc-2020-bsfl-lipid-metabolism",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "About lipid metabolism in Hermetia illucens (L. 1758): on the origin of fatty acids in prepupae",
      "authors": "Hoc B., Genva M., Fauconnier M.-L., Lognay G., Francis F., Caparros Megido R.",
      "year": 2020,
      "venue": "Scientific Reports",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41598-020-68784-8",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68784-8",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "Deuterated-water labeling: C10–C14 SFAs de novo from carbs; PUFAs essentially not synthesized; ALA bioaccumulated then largely remodeled (~two-thirds metabolized to SFAs; steady-state ALA ~6% of larval FA on flax cake)."
      },
      "topics": [
        "fatty-acids",
        "lipid-metabolism",
        "lauric-acid",
        "PUFA",
        "diet"
      ],
      "relevance": "Primary mechanistic evidence that BSFL remodel dietary fat into lauric-rich SFA and do not de novo synthesize PUFAs."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-li-2022-bsfl-dietary-fat-fa",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae Are Influenced by Dietary Fat Sources and Levels",
      "authors": "Li X., Dong Y., Sun Q., Tan X., You C., Huang Y., Zhou M.",
      "year": 2022,
      "venue": "Animals (MDPI)",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "doi": "10.3390/ani12040486",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12040486",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "Six dietary fats at 5% and 10%: larvae synthesize C12:0/C14:0/C16:1; dietary C16:0, C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3 map into larval FA with linear slopes ~0.39–0.60; diet PUFA 7–69% compresses to larval PUFA ~6–37%."
      },
      "topics": [
        "fatty-acids",
        "PUFA",
        "diet",
        "lauric-acid"
      ],
      "relevance": "Quantifies partial incorporation of dietary PUFAs into larval fat versus strong in vivo synthesis of medium-chain SFAs."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-liu-2023-bsfl-fa-food-waste",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Chronological and Carbohydrate-Dependent Transformation of Fatty Acids in the Larvae of Black Soldier Fly Following Food Waste Treatment",
      "authors": "Liu Y., Liu J., He J., Lu H., Sun S., Ji F., Dong X., Bao Y., Xu J., He G., Xu W.",
      "year": 2023,
      "venue": "Molecules (MDPI)",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "doi": "10.3390/molecules28041903",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041903",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "Food-waste chronology: larval FA mass tracks carbohydrate disappearance; C12:0 rises as dominant species while dietary-like C18:2 declines later in development; UFAs largely from waste FAs, SFAs from starch."
      },
      "topics": [
        "fatty-acids",
        "carbohydrates",
        "food-waste",
        "lauric-acid"
      ],
      "relevance": "Shows operators when harvest timing shifts larval fat from more unsaturated early profiles toward lauric-dominated late profiles."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-schiavone-2017-bsfl-fat-broilers",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Partial or total replacement of soybean oil by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) fat in broiler diets: effect on growth performances, feed-choice, blood traits, carcass characteristics and meat quality",
      "authors": "Schiavone A., Cullere M., De Marco M., Meneguz M., Biasato I., Bergagna S., Dezzutto D., Gai F. et al.",
      "year": 2017,
      "venue": "Italian Journal of Animal Science",
      "license": "Open access (Taylor & Francis / publisher page)",
      "doi": "10.1080/1828051X.2016.1249968",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2016.1249968",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "50% or 100% replacement of soybean oil with BSFL fat: breast SFA rose 32.2 → 37.8 → 43.5%; PUFA fell 36.8 → 31.1 → 26.4% with increasing HI fat; growth/carcass largely unaffected."
      },
      "topics": [
        "poultry",
        "chickens",
        "broilers",
        "fatty-acids",
        "feed"
      ],
      "relevance": "Direct evidence that BSFL fat in poultry rations shifts product fat toward SFA and away from PUFA—downstream of larval remodeling."
    },
    {
      "id": "src-kim-2022-hilo-layers",
      "type": "journal-article",
      "title": "Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil as an alternative fat ingredient to soybean oil in laying hen diets",
      "authors": "Kim B., Kim M., Jeong J. Y., Kim H. R., Ji S. Y., Jung H., Park S. H.",
      "year": 2022,
      "venue": "Animal Bioscience",
      "license": "Open access (Animal Bioscience)",
      "doi": "10.5713/ab.22.0052",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.22.0052",
      "host": {
        "status": "link-only",
        "path": null,
        "bytes": null,
        "note": "HI larvae oil ~61% SFA / ~16% PUFA vs soybean oil ~12% SFA / ~66% PUFA; 50–100% oil replacement raised egg SFA and lowered yolk PUFA without hurting lay performance."
      },
      "topics": [
        "poultry",
        "chickens",
        "layers",
        "fatty-acids",
        "feed"
      ],
      "relevance": "Gives operator-facing fat-composition numbers for Hermetia oil vs soybean oil and shows egg FA follow the oil swap."
    }
  ]
}